منابع مشابه
Start Your Engines
I n surgery, to underscore safety processes, we love to make comparisons with other industries like flying. Recently, I found myself making a similar comparison to car racing. I was privileged to spend a weekend in a race car run by a professional race team. This crew ran an incredibly well-oiled machine, not only literally but also metaphorically. They raced at 24 Hours of Daytona, keeping a c...
متن کاملCold start modelling of spark ignition engines
The ability of mean value models to replicate the key characteristics of automotive powertrains has been well established over the past four decades. There has been considerable success in the application of these models to controller design, with improved emissions and performance of the primary benefits. However, these low order models typically must make certain assumptions about the engine—...
متن کاملHow Can Search Engines Improve Your Writing?
The basis of the study reported in this article sprang from the assumption that incorporating the use of web search engines such as Google or Yahoo into English as a second language (ESL) writing may be useful for learners in identifying grammatical errors in their texts. The study has measured the effectiveness on reducing the number of grammatical errors by way of a simple method which divide...
متن کاملModel-based Cold-start Speed Control Design for SI Engines
This paper presents a feedback deign approach to the cold-start speed control for spark ignition engines. First, in order to ensure successful combustion in the transient mode, a fuel injection controller is given based on the air charge estimation with inverse dynamics of fuel path, which is a dual sampling rate system, i.e. the estimation for the air charge is performed TDC-based, and the fue...
متن کاملOptimal cold start calibration of spark ignition engines
This paper investigates optimal strategies for minimising the conflicting objectives of fuel consumption and warm up duration following an engine cold start. Using a reduced order model, parametric solutions for the optimal air-fuel ratio, valve timing, cam timing and idle speed setpoint are sought in the presence of input constraints. The results are then validated using a dynamic programming ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 2005
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/438554a